Diagrams are often a great help in understanding how databases work. I’ve always wanted to generate various database diagrams automatically to go with my database documentation. The problem is that, once you’ve drawn them nicely in a drawing package, you feel reluctant to alter the database because you’d then have to re-draw the diagrams to reflect those changes. This article explains a way of creating easily ‘refreshed’ automated diagrams based only on open-source, or free, tools.

PlantUML

We’ll be using PlantUML. PlantUML is an open-source project for writing Unified Modelling Language (UML) diagrams for Sequence, Use-Case, Class, Activity, Component, State and Objects. It uses GraphViz for its graphical output. Its use, like GraphViz, is to render quite complex diagrams from a simple intuitive language based on text.

For example, this will give you a simple UML sequence diagram:

@startuml

actor Phil #red

actor Editor #green

Phil -> Editor: suggestion for an article

Editor --> Phil: wary response requesting details

Phil -> Editor: submits some pretty pictures

Editor --> Phil: Reluctant agreement

@enduml

If this code is then processed by PlantUML, would provide this .PNG image:

Don’t like the style? You can specify it how you like. With a little extra tweaking with the skinparam, you can get this instead

the code changes are simple

@startuml

skinparam handwritten true

skinparam monochrome true

skinparam packageStyle rect

skinparam defaultFontName Buxton Sketch

skinparam shadowing false

actor Phil #black

actor Editor #grey

Phil -> Editor: Is the style a bit dated?

Editor --> Phil: Yes, it is a bit nineties

Phil -> Editor: How about a more handwritten 'arty' look?

Editor --> Phil: Sure, how about this?

@enduml

Although you may have little urge to use UML diagrams in your everyday work, PlantUML is versatile enough to provide for a range of requirements. For a relational database person who winces at the terms ‘class’ and ‘persistence’, even UML modelling has its uses as a way of communicating ideas and designs.

In this article I’m going to show how it can be used to easily generate class diagrams for database objects. I will use TSQL code to create the PlantUML code directly.

Getting up and running

To get you started, there is a little browser application here on the PlantUML site that allows you to type in PlantUML code and view the results. With that, and the PlantUML manual, you should be well away with using this interesting application. Chrome has an Add-in that runs PlantUML called the UML Diagram Editor.

There are many ways of using PlantUML. There are several Atom packages that add PlantUML integration. If you use DocuWiki for documentation, there is an add-in for PlantUML, which is handy for teams since there is nothing to install on your machine then. If you want to use PlantUML from the command-line, there are install instructions here. I use AsciiDocFx, which installs the prerequisites for you (though you may need to set the path to your GraphViz install. You can use your favourite editor via a command-line interface as well. PlantUML uses simple text-based instructions to render UML diagrams and these can be generated from SQL to show you such things as the intricacies of your database permission system, the foreign-key dependencies, or the details of your indexing strategy for a table.

We’ll just stick to showing a subset of your database objects and the dependencies between them.

Data Modelling With Unified Modelling Language (UML)

Let’s look at AdventureWorks, just so we can try things out. I’ve always been caught out by views so it would be nice to see those objects in the database that a view references. Here is a simple diagram.

Note that schemas have been represented as folders. All I did to do this was to use the text:

@startUML

hide empty members

hide circle

skinparam classarrowcolor gray

HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory --|> HumanResources.Department:References

HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory --|> HumanResources.Employee:References

HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory --|> HumanResources.EmployeeDepartmentHistory:References

HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory --|> Person.Person:References

HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory --|> HumanResources.Shift:References

@enduml

I didn’t type this in. I just executed the SQL query that finds the soft references and foreign key references to and from the object that you name…

DECLARE @object_ID INT

SELECT @Object_ID=object_id('HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory')

SELECT coalesce(object_schema_name(referencing_ID)+'.','')

+ object_name(referencing_ID) +' --|> '

+ referenced_schema_name+'.'+Referenced_Entity_name

+ ':References'

--AS reference

FROM sys.sql_expression_dependencies

WHERE (referencing_id =@object_ID

OR referenced_ID = @object_ID)

AND is_schema_bound_reference =0

and referenced_ID is not null

UNION ALL

SELECT coalesce(object_schema_name(parent_object_ID)+'.','')

+ object_name(parent_object_ID) + ' --|> '

+ coalesce(object_schema_name(referenced_object_ID)+'.','')

+ object_name(referenced_object_ID)+':FK'

FROM sys.foreign_keys

WHERE parent_object_ID = @object_ID

OR referenced_object_ID = @object_ID

…and copied the result from the results pane (use text mode and set the ‘Query‘ ‘Options‘ -> ‘Results’ -> ‘Text’ -> ‘Maximum number of characters displayed in each column‘ to 8192 or some other generous figure)

…but you can of course use it with any other database object such as dbo.ufnGetContactInformation. Obviously, there is plenty more you can include but there is something to be said for having just one clear message to every diagram. Be wary about including too much in a diagram. Any network diagram quickly morphs into a birds-nest diagram if you try to do too much. This type of diagram was never intended to provide an entire map of your database.

Once you’ve got some confidence, you can use PowerShell to update diagrams automatically. You just execute the code, save the result to disk, and pass the result to PlantUML, which has a command-line interface.

Sometimes we would like to do a bit more than this. Now UML never had a stereotype to deal with a relational database, but there is an established database profile that includes a logical and physical model. As I have no strong feelings about the way that a table is represented, I’ve not deviated much from the standard class.

We have drilled in to the detail from the first diagram here to look more closely at the tables. PlantUML is able to give you immense diagrams which are probably useless for our purpose here. If you want to do this, I’d advise you just to open the wallet a bit and use SQL Dependency Tracker instead. Here we want to keep things simpler, and just want to document tables, views, and functions and their dependencies in detail.

The PlantUML source code that we used is this, generated from SQL code…

!define table(x) class x << (T,mistyrose) >>

!define view(x) class x << (V,lightblue) >>

!define table(x) class x << (T,mistyrose) >>

!define tr(x) class x << (R,red) >>

!define tf(x) class x << (F,darkorange) >>

!define af(x) class x << (F,white) >>

!define fn(x) class x << (F,plum) >>

!define fs(x) class x << (F,tan) >>

!define ft(x) class x << (F,wheat) >>

!define if(x) class x << (F,gaisboro) >>

!define p(x) class x << (P,indianred) >>

!define pc(x) class x << (P,lemonshiffon) >>

!define x(x) class x << (P,linen) >>

hide methods

hide stereotypes

skinparam classarrowcolor gray

table(HumanResources.Employee) {

BusinessEntityID: int <<pk>> <<fk>>

NationalIDNumber: nvarchar

LoginID: nvarchar

OrganizationNode: hierarchyid

OrganizationLevel: smallint

JobTitle: nvarchar

BirthDate: date

MaritalStatus: nchar

Gender: nchar

HireDate: date

SalariedFlag: Flag

VacationHours: smallint

SickLeaveHours: smallint

CurrentFlag: Flag

rowguid: uniqueidentifier

ModifiedDate: datetime

__ trigger __

dEmployee

}

table(Person.Person) {

BusinessEntityID: int <<pk>> <<fk>>

PersonType: nchar <<fk>>

NameStyle: NameStyle

Title: nvarchar

FirstName: Name

MiddleName: Name

LastName: Name

Suffix: nvarchar

EmailPromotion: int

AdditionalContactInfo: xml

Demographics: xml

rowguid: uniqueidentifier

ModifiedDate: datetime

__ trigger __

iuPerson

}

view(HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory) {

BusinessEntityID: int

Title: nvarchar

FirstName: Name

MiddleName: Name

LastName: Name

Suffix: nvarchar

Shift: Name

Department: Name

GroupName: Name

StartDate: date

EndDate: date

}

tf(dbo.ufnGetContactInformation) {

@PersonID: int

}

dbo.ufnGetContactInformation -|> HumanResources.Employee:References

dbo.ufnGetContactInformation -|> Person.Person:References

HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory -|> HumanResources.Employee:References

HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory -|> Person.Person:References

HumanResources.Employee -|> Person.Person:FK

All we have done is to give a list of the tables that we want a diagram for.

Here is the code:

Declare @ThePlantUMLCode Varchar(max)

execute CreatePlantUMLCode @ObjectsToShow='HumanResources.employee person.person HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory dbo.ufnGetContactInformation',

@MyPlantUMLStatement=@ThePlantUMLCode output

select @ThePlantUMLCode

I have only shown how to execute the stored procedure I wrote. I have specified the four objects whose dependencies and relationships I’m interested in. You may want to see all the dependencies and relationship of any object but even just the directly linked objects can overwhelm the diagram. It is better to be selective. PlantUML will do its best to oblige but you are soon at the wallchart scale of activity.

This stored procedure can do other things. What if you want to see a UML diagram of all the objects that reference person.address Here, it is

Declare @ThePlantUMLCode Varchar(max)

execute CreatePlantUMLCode @DependsOn='person.address',

@MyPlantUMLStatement=@ThePlantUMLCode output

select @ThePlantUMLCode

…giving you this, once the output is passed to PlantUML. …

… or this …

Declare @ThePlantUMLCode Varchar(max)

execute CreatePlantUMLCode @DependenciesOf='person.address',

@MyPlantUMLStatement=@ThePlantUMLCode output

select @ThePlantUMLCode

ThePlantUMLCode

… giving you this …

I’ve given the SQL code at the end of the article.

Modifying your diagrams

I have taken quite a few design decisions which you may not like. Fortunately, PlantUML has an excellent PDF manual which explains that you can change almost everything. It is so good that I’m not going to attempt to repeat anything from it. However, be assured that diagrams can be altered to suit your requirements: Related objects can be placed side by side, or vertically;, You can use dotted arrows or arrows with a different head; You can opt to avoid shadows, and change the colour of anything. My instinct is to leave GraphViz and PlantUML to do as much as possible by default.

PlantUML supports a flavour of markdown called Creole. This allows you to have formatted notes and descriptions. There is even a full set of icons from OpenIconic. Because PlantUML is based on GraphViz, you can use Graphviz raw. This allows you to do more general network visualisation diagrams for general software-engineering purposes. For database people, it is great for plotting out chains of dependencies in database data or in databases themselves.

GraphViz Dot Language

PlantUML can execute graphviz dot language files as well. We can therefore use PlantUML to draw ‘network’ diagrams, which is something thet GraphViz does extraordinarily well. Most of the time, you’d probably want to do it with data but you can do it for your SQL Server metadata. Here, for example is Northwind’s table dependency diagram based on foreign key relationships

@startdot

digraph G {

CustomerCustomerDemo -> CustomerDemographics;

CustomerCustomerDemo -> Customers;

Employees -> Employees;

EmployeeTerritories -> Employees;

EmployeeTerritories -> Territories;

Order Details -> Orders;

Order Details -> Products;

Orders -> Customers;

Orders -> Employees;

Orders -> Shippers;

Products -> Categories;

Products -> Suppliers;

Territories -> Region;}

@enddot

This code produced this diagram (you can click on it to enlarge it)

..but you’ll see that I’m cheating a bit by using a very small sample database. Even AdventureWorks produces a big mess.

Which you can view if you have an image viewer that scrolls!

How did I do this? Just the same way as the first database UML diagrams. I just executed this in SSMS, and copied the result into a text editor, just to put in the top and tail as shown above.

Select distinct

object_name(parent_object_ID) + ' -> '

+ object_name(referenced_object_ID)+';'

FROM sys.foreign_keys

This can easily be refined into a stored procedure that takes out those illegal characters that make graphviz crash. GraphViz has a lot of power and it is worth looking around for examples and information.

References

http://www.graphviz.org/This is the main site for Graphviz. There is plenty of information here, and it is from this site that you can get the GraphViz application and documentation
http://plantuml.com/ This is the PlantUML site. It has a large number of resources including downloads and documentation.
http://plantuml.com/PlantUML_Language_Reference_Guide.pdf The essential book of PlantUML. It is much less confusing to read than the PlantUML site that has some distracting google adverts.
https://graphviz.gitlab.io/_pages/pdf/dotguide.pdf The equivalent book of GraphViz. It was written some time ago but still seems relevant.
http://asciidocfx.com/ The site for ASCIIdocFX, which is a very cute and useful editor for ASCIIdoc (Markdown for grown-ups) which is intended for creating technical books with mixed text and diagrams. The editor is based on Atom, and you can use PlantUML, GraphViz and DITAA for drawing your diagrams.
https://www.dokuwiki.org/dokuwiki# DocuWiki is a wiki that is geared towards technical documentation. The real power of Docuwiki is in the add-ins, one of which gives you PlantUML diagrams embedded in your documentation.
http://www.agiledata.org/essays/umlDataModelingProfile.html A specification for using UML diagrams for databases by Simple-Talk author Scott W Ambler

The Code

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/* we are just using this for chopping up a space-delimited list of database objects. If you

have embedded spaces in your object names then tough. You'll have to do it differently*/

if exists (Select * from sys.xml_schema_collections where name like 'ObjectListParameter')

drop XML SCHEMA COLLECTION ObjectListParameter

create xml schema collection ObjectListParameter as '

<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">

<xs:element name="Object">

<xs:simpleType>

<xs:list itemType="xs:string" />

</xs:simpleType>

</xs:element>

</xs:schema>'

-- does a particular procedure exist

IF EXISTS ( SELECT 1 FROM sys.objects

WHERE object_ID= object_ID('dbo.CreatePlantUMLCode'))

SET NOEXEC ON

-- if the routine exists this isn't executed

CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.CreatePlantUMLCode

AS Select 'created, but not implemented yet.'--just anything will do

-- the following section will be always executed

SET NOEXEC OFF

Alter procedure CreatePlantUMLCode

@ObjectsToShow NVarchar(400)=null, -- space-delimited list of database objects

@dependenciesOf NVarchar(400)=null, --show the first order objects that reference or otherwise depend on it

@dependsOn NVarchar(400)=null, --show the objects that it depends on

@MyPlantUMLStatement varchar(max) output --the code to use for the diagram

Examples of use:

Declare @ThePlantUMLCode Varchar(max)

execute CreatePlantUMLCode @ObjectsToShow='HumanResources.employee person.person',

@MyPlantUMLStatement=@ThePlantUMLCode output

select @ThePlantUMLCode

Declare @ThePlantUMLCode Varchar(max)

execute CreatePlantUMLCode @DependsOn='person.address',

@MyPlantUMLStatement=@ThePlantUMLCode output

select @ThePlantUMLCode

Declare @ThePlantUMLCode Varchar(max)

execute CreatePlantUMLCode @DependenciesOf='person.address',

@MyPlantUMLStatement=@ThePlantUMLCode output

select @ThePlantUMLCode

Declare @ThePlantUMLCode Varchar(max)

execute CreatePlantUMLCode @ObjectsToShow='HumanResources.employee person.person HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory dbo.ufnGetContactInformation',

@MyPlantUMLStatement=@ThePlantUMLCode output

select @ThePlantUMLCode

execute CreatePlantUMLCode @ObjectsToShow='dbo.ufnGetContactInformation',

@MyPlantUMLStatement=@ThePlantUMLCode output

select @ThePlantUMLCode

Declare @ThePlantUMLCode Varchar(max)

execute CreatePlantUMLCode @ObjectsToShow='HumanResources.employee person.person HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory ',

@MyPlantUMLStatement=@ThePlantUMLCode output

select @ThePlantUMLCode

execute CreatePlantUMLCode @ObjectsToShow='HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory dbo.ufnGetContactInformation',

@MyPlantUMLStatement=@ThePlantUMLCode output

select @ThePlantUMLCode

--has the user given us a list of objects?

Declare @ObjectsToDo table(Object_ID int primary key) --check only specified once!

declare @xml_data xml(ObjectListParameter)

set @xml_data='<Object>'+ @ObjectsToShow +'</Object>'

Declare @ii int

Select @ii=0 --what has been specified in the parameters

if (@ObjectsToShow is not null) set @ii=@ii+1

if (@DependenciesOf is not null) set @ii=@ii+1

if (@DependsOn is not null) set @ii=@ii+1

if (@ii<1)

begin raiserror('Sorry, but you''ll need to specify what to draw!', 16,1);return;end

if (@ii>1)

begin raiserror('Sorry, only one parameter can be used at a time', 16,1);return;end

/* if he has given a list, then we need to parse the list and find the IDs of reach

database object that has been specified */

if @ObjectsToShow is not null

begin

insert into @ObjectsToDo

select object_ID(T.ref.value('.', 'sysname'))

from (Select @xml_data.query('

for $i in data(/Object) return

element item { $i }

')) A(list)

cross apply A.List.nodes('/item') T(ref)

end

--does the user want to see the dependencies

if @DependenciesOf is not null

begin --get all the foreign key references

insert into @ObjectsToDo

Select referenced_object_ID

from sys.foreign_keys

where parent_object_id=object_ID(@DependenciesOf)

union all --and all the objects that refer to it

Select referenced_ID from sys.sql_expression_dependencies

where referencing_id=object_ID(@DependenciesOf)

and referenced_ID is not null

and is_schema_bound_reference =0

union --and insert the object itself

Select object_ID(@DependenciesOf)

end

if @DependsOn is not null

begin --does the user want a diagram of all the objects that the object depends on?

insert into @ObjectsToDo --insert all the foreign key relationships

Select parent_object_ID

from sys.foreign_keys

where referenced_Object_id=object_ID(@DependsOn)

union all --and all the references this object makes

Select referencing_ID from sys.sql_expression_dependencies

where referenced_id=object_ID(@DependsOn)

and is_schema_bound_reference =0

union

Select object_ID(@DependsOn) --and add the object itself

end

Select @MyPlantUMLStatement='!define table(x) class x << (T,mistyrose) >>

!define view(x) class x << (V,lightblue) >>

!define table(x) class x << (T,mistyrose) >>

!define tr(x) class x << (R,red) >>

!define tf(x) class x << (F,darkorange) >>

!define af(x) class x << (F,white) >>

!define fn(x) class x << (F,plum) >>

!define fs(x) class x << (F,tan) >>

!define ft(x) class x << (F,wheat) >>

!define if(x) class x << (F,gaisboro) >>

!define p(x) class x << (P,indianred) >>

!define pc(x) class x << (P,lemonshiffon) >>

!define x(x) class x << (P,linen) >>

hide methods

hide stereotypes

skinparam classarrowcolor gray

/* firstly, we'll create all the UML table diagrams. */

SELECT @MyPlantUMLStatement =

@MyPlantUMLStatement + 'table(' + Object_Schema_Name(allTables.object_id) + '.' + name + ') {

(

SELECT DISTINCT

c.name + ': ' + t.name

+ CASE WHEN PrimaryKeyColumns.Object_ID IS NOT NULL THEN ' <<pk>>' ELSE '' END

+ CASE WHEN fk.parent_object_id IS NOT NULL THEN ' <<fk>>' ELSE '' END + '

FROM sys.columns AS c --give the column names and the data types but no dimensions

INNER JOIN sys.types AS t

ON c.user_type_id = t.user_type_id

LEFT OUTER JOIN sys.foreign_key_columns AS fk

ON parent_object_id = c.object_id AND parent_column_id = c.column_id

LEFT OUTER JOIN --the primary keys are a bit awkward to get

(SELECT i.object_id, column_id

FROM sys.indexes AS i

INNER JOIN sys.index_columns AS ic

ON ic.object_id = i.object_id AND ic.index_id = i.index_id

INNER JOIN sys.key_constraints AS k

ON k.parent_object_id = ic.object_id AND i.index_id = k.unique_index_id

WHERE ic.object_id = allTables.object_id AND k.type = 'pk'

) AS PrimaryKeyColumns(Object_ID, Column_ID)

ON c.object_id = PrimaryKeyColumns.Object_ID AND c.column_id = PrimaryKeyColumns.Column_ID

WHERE c.object_id = allTables.object_id

FOR XML PATH(''), TYPE

).value(N'(./text())[1]', N'varchar(max)') /* so now we can add any triggers. We could do indexes as well

but I somehow felt this wasn't appropriate*/

+ Coalesce('__ trigger __

' +

(SELECT name + '

FROM sys.triggers

WHERE parent_id = allTables.object_id

FOR XML PATH(''), TYPE

).value('.', 'varchar(max)'), '') + '}

FROM sys.tables AS allTables

INNER JOIN @ObjectsToDo AS ObjectsToDo

ON allTables.object_id = ObjectsToDo.Object_ID;

/* now let's do the views */

SELECT @MyPlantUMLStatement =

@MyPlantUMLStatement + 'view(' + Object_Schema_Name(allViews.object_id) + '.' + name + ') {

' +

(SELECT c.name + ': ' + t.name + '

FROM sys.columns AS c

INNER JOIN sys.types AS t

ON c.user_type_id = t.user_type_id

WHERE c.object_id = allViews.object_id

FOR XML PATH(''), TYPE

).value(N'(./text())[1]', N'varchar(max)') + '}

FROM sys.views AS allViews

INNER JOIN @ObjectsToDo AS ObjectsToDo

ON allViews.object_id = ObjectsToDo.Object_ID;

/* now we do anything that is capable of having parameters */

SELECT @MyPlantUMLStatement =

@MyPlantUMLStatement + RTrim(Lower(Allroutines.type)) + '('

+ Object_Schema_Name(Allroutines.object_id) + '.' + Allroutines.name + ') {

/* note, a routine can exist without a parameter */

+ Coalesce(

(SELECT p.name + ': ' + Type_Name(p.user_type_id) + '

FROM sys.objects AS o

INNER JOIN sys.parameters AS p

ON o.object_id = p.object_id

WHERE o.object_id = Allroutines.object_id

FOR XML PATH(''), TYPE

).value(N'(./text())[1]', N'varchar(max)'), '') + '}

FROM sys.objects AS Allroutines

INNER JOIN @ObjectsToDo AS ObjectsToDo

ON Allroutines.object_id = ObjectsToDo.Object_ID AND type IN

('AF', 'FN', 'FS', 'FT', 'IF', 'P', 'PC', 'TF', 'X');

/* just the types that can have parameters */

/* and now that we have a class diagram for every object,

we now do the arrows.*/

SELECT @MyPlantUMLStatement =

@MyPlantUMLStatement

+ Coalesce(

(

SELECT Coalesce(Object_Schema_Name(referencing_id) + '.', '') + Object_Name(referencing_id)

+ ' -|> ' + referenced_schema_name + '.' + referenced_entity_name + ':References

--AS reference

FROM sys.sql_expression_dependencies

INNER JOIN @ObjectsToDo AS ObjectsToDo

ON referencing_id = ObjectsToDo.Object_ID

INNER JOIN @ObjectsToDo AS ObjectsToDo2

ON referenced_id = ObjectsToDo2.Object_ID

WHERE is_schema_bound_reference = 0

FOR XML PATH(''), TYPE

).value(N'(./text())[1]', N'varchar(max)'), '');

SELECT @MyPlantUMLStatement =

@MyPlantUMLStatement

+ Coalesce(

(

SELECT Object_Schema_Name(parent_object_id) + '.' + Object_Name(parent_object_id) + ' -|> '

+ Object_Schema_Name(referenced_object_id) + '.' + Object_Name(referenced_object_id)

+ ':FK

FROM sys.foreign_keys

INNER JOIN @ObjectsToDo AS ObjectsToDo

ON parent_object_id = ObjectsToDo.Object_ID

INNER JOIN @ObjectsToDo AS ObjectsToDo2

ON referenced_object_id = ObjectsToDo2.Object_ID

FOR XML PATH(''), TYPE

).value(N'(./text())[1]', N'varchar(max)'), '');

The Coda

Just to show that, with some care with the way that you do the arrows, you can get some very satisfactory effects.

… and PlantUML can even do syntax railroad diagrams for SQL.

Register for Simple Talk

Automatically Creating UML Database Diagrams for SQL Server

PlantUML

Getting up and running

Data Modelling With Unified Modelling Language (UML)

Modifying your diagrams

GraphViz Dot Language

References

The Code

The Coda

About the author

Phil Factor

Phil Factor's contributions

Articles

Books

Top topics

Phil Factor's latest contributions:

Data Documents and Common Sense

AI and Databases

Storing and Retrieving the Initialization and Configuration Data for Applications

PlantUML

Getting up and running

Data Modelling With Unified Modelling Language (UML)

Modifying your diagrams

GraphViz Dot Language

References

The Code

The Coda

Recommended

About the author

Phil Factor

Phil Factor's contributions

Articles

Books

Top topics

Phil Factor's latest contributions:

Data Documents and Common Sense

AI and Databases

Storing and Retrieving the Initialization and Configuration Data for Applications