The concept behind frameworks and libraries is to provide reusable code that you can use to perform everyday tasks so that developers don’t have to write all of the code from scratch for every project. Frameworks and libraries are designed to be modular and reusable, meaning they can be used in multiple projects without needing … Read more
Sometimes when working with very large sets of data, you may not want to return all of the data at once. I discussed using TOP in my previous article, which allowed you to only get a number of rows from the start of the results from a query. However, if you want to see the … Read more
The SELECT statement is used to retrieve information from a database. Following the execution of a SELECT statement, a tabular result is held in a result table (called a result set). It allows you to select the table columns depending on a set of criteria. SELECT statements might be as straightforward as selecting a few … Read more
Configuration parameters are the most mythical creatures in the world of PostgreSQL. Ordinary PostgreSQL users often do not know that PostgreSQL configuration parameters exist, let alone what they are and what they mean. There is a good reason for such ignorance since, in real life, ordinary users don’t have any say in how these parameters … Read more
I recently wrote about a way to generate visual, interactive calendars in HTML by combining a calendar table with data from an events table (part 1 and part 2). This technique could be used to overlay any type of data onto calendars, but my specific goal was to make the monthly archives page on my … Read more
When I was a DBA involved with the management of a large number of database servers, I didn’t have many third-party tools to help me do my job. For the most part, I relied on scripts that I found or wrote. I enjoyed writing scripts to manage the servers, as it taught me a lot … Read more
Applications of all types commonly access MySQL to retrieve, add, update, or delete data. The applications might be written in Python, Java, C#, or another programming language. Most languages support multiple methods for working with a MySQL database and manipulating its data. The approach you take when accessing MySQL will depend on the programming language … Read more
In this article, Joe Celko gives us a history of the different character sets that are used in computing and how that can pertain to your usage in relational databases. Some of these you may have never heard of!… Read more
I’ve been at this for a while now, and have a very particular set of rules and coding conventions that I follow when writing and, more importantly, reviewing T-SQL code. I often perform code reviews and thought it would be fun to frame this exercise: a completely fictitious stored procedure hits my desk, I’ll reject … Read more
In the first security article, PostgreSQL Basics: Roles and Privileges, I discussed how roles (users and groups) are created and managed in PostgreSQL Depending on your background with permissions, particularly in other database products, some of those nuances in how permissions work may have been surprising. Understanding how roles and privileges work in Postgres is … Read more
The five-part series is designed to jump-start any IT professional’s journey in the fascinating world of Data Science with Azure Machine Learning (Azure ML). Readers don’t need prior knowledge of Data Science, Machine Learning, Statistics, or Azure to begin this adventure. All you will need is an Azure subscription and I will show you how … Read more
The tools classified as “Realtime Backend / API“, or tools that can rapidly process an API call and in this case, store data, include Firebase and Supabase. Firebase is a NoSQL database, while Supabase is a relational database. The Firestore database, which lets you store “documents,” is the core of Firebase. These are collections of … Read more
There might be a time when you might want to return just a few rows of a result set, instead of the complete set. This might be useful if you want to just validate a selection criteria or a few rows of data. For whatever the reason the TOP clause can be used to return a specific number or a percentage of rows from a result set. This article will cover using the TOP clause in a SELECT statement and how it can be used to return a partial set of records.… Read more
One of the most important aspects of data management is the ability to ensure that the data in your database is well defined and consistent. Some aspects of that are ensured through the relational data structures you design. Another piece of control is using the correct data type. Then, we get to constraints. A constraint is a way to validate data prior to adding it to your database. This is one more tool in the toolbox that helps you maintain good data.… Read more
Optimizing read operations is one of the most prominent problems concerning any database administrator. No matter what kind of database management system is in use – MySQL, its flavors like Percona Server or MariaDB, MongoDB, TimescaleDB, SQL Server, or others, read queries are a concern. The primary read query example is SELECT queries, but a lot of this pertains to UPDATE and DELETE as well since they too have to fetch rows to be operated on.… Read more
Serverless computing is pushing C# to evolve to the next level. This is exciting because you pay-per-use and only incur charges when the code is running. This means that .NET 6 must spin up fast, do its job, then die quickly. This mantra of birth and rebirth pushes developers and the underlying tech to think … Read more
A term I have only recently learned is "shift left testing." You can read more about this on Wikipedia here. The term was coined in 2001 and generally means testing earlier in the development lifecycle. Hence, shifting your testing left in the timeline. Just how left should you shift your testing, though? In my mind, so early, the rooster hasn't entirely fallen asleep yet.… Read more
Information security, whether in databases, applications, or larger IT systems, is based on the principles of Authentication and Authorization, often referred to as AuthN and AuthZ respectively.
Likewise, PostgreSQL security involves creating roles that allow access to server resources (AuthN) and then granting privileges to database objects appropriately (AuthZ). Understanding how each of these components work together is essential to effectively manage security in a PostgreSQL cluster.… Read more
Once data is in a table it needs to be maintained. New records will need to be added, and existing records will need to be updated, and/or deleted. To keep data maintained, the insert, update or delete actions may need to be performed. This article will show how those three data manipulation language (DML) actions can be synchronized together within a single basic MERGE statement.… Read more
As with any other relational data management system (RDBMS), PostgreSQL uses indexes as a mechanism to improve data access. PostgreSQL has a number of different index types, supporting different behaviors and different types of data. In addition, again, similar to other RDBMS, there are properties and behaviors associated with these indexes.
In this article I’m going to go over the different types of indexes and some index behaviors. We’ll get into what the indexes are, how they work, and how best you can apply them within your databases. I’m hoping you’ll develop an understanding of which indexes are likely to work better in each situation.… Read more
