Crow’s Foot Notation

The most recognizable characteristic of crow’s foot notation (also known as IE notation) is that it uses graphical symbols to indicate the ‘many’ side of the relationship. The three-pronged ‘many’ symbol is also how this widely-used notation style got its name. Let’s see where crow’s foot is placed in the history of data modeling and take a look at its symbols.

The most recognizable characteristic of crow’s foot notation (also known as IE notation) is that it uses graphical symbols to indicate the ‘many’ side of the relationship. The three-pronged ‘many’ symbol is also how this widely-used notation style got its name. Let’s see where crow’s foot is placed in the history of data modeling and take a look at its symbols.

History: How Crow’s Foot Notation Got Started

The beginning of crow’s foot notation dates back to an article by Gordon Everest (1976, Fifth Computing Conference, IEEE). The notation naming convention was changing; in fact, it had been evolving over several years. When asked by me about the issue, Mr. Everest said:

I called it the “inverted arrow.” at the time to distinguish [it] from Bachman’s notation. I prefered it to the arrow because it did not imply directionality or a physical access path, and it was visually intuitive, showing manyness. Others then started referring to it as chicken feet (e.g., Carlis textbook ¹). I now prefer to call it a FORK, which is short and to the point, and doesn’t require the possessive crow’s or the longer chicken. In my original paper, the focus was on “Basic data structures explained with a common example” ² (the title, which later became chapter 4 in my McGraw Hill text, Database Management, 1986). The use of the notation was incidental though carefully chosen. I like the fork since it can easily be represented in a standard character set as in:

[ X ]

Tools in this post

Redgate Data Modeler

Design, update, and manage database schemas

Find out more